Fairy Tales Notes - 5

Indian fables abound in these works of old: The Panchatantra, The Hitopadesa; and the Kathasaritsagara, apart from the many hundred Jataka Tales of Buddhism:

The Panchatantra ("Five Treatises")

is attributed to one Vishnu Sarma, and rooted in older oral traditions. The book puts wisdom fables put into the mouths of animals, aiming at teachings humans about humans.
Panchatantra ("Five Treatises"), is a collection of animal fables quite similar to the Aesop's Fables. In Europe the work was known under the name The Fables of Bidpai (for the narrator, an Indian sage, Bidpai, called Vidyapati in Sanskrit). One version reached the West as early as in the 1000s. The original Sanskrit work is lost, but it is estimated it came into being between 100 BC and AD 500.
In the preface to Indian Fairytales, Joseph Jacobs surmises that about one-third of European fairytales derive from Indian sources, transferred into the west on the trade-routes.

CONTRASTING FABLES OF AESOP WITH OLD INDIAN ONES: In the old fables Aesop, the fables had no morals attached - the morals were added quite late in history. In the Jataka, the morals tend to be integrated into the stories as the overall theme and revealed through names.
Indian fables have a mixed cast of humans and animals. The dialogues are often longer than in fables of Aesop, and often witty as the animals try to outwit one another by trickery and deceit. In Aesop, the animals are stereotyped, but in the Indian fables they are not.
In Aesop the wolf dons sheep's clothing, but his nature remains the same, there is no internal change. In the Indian fables, however, there are even drastic changes of character in some.
In the Indian fables, man is not superior to the animals. The tales are often comical.

The Hitopadesa ("Good Advice")

is a collection of Sanskrit fables in prose and verse, and is said to be written by Narayana Pandit. Hitopadesha tales are short stories instructing in morality and knowledge. It is similar to the Panchatantra, is well over a thousand years old, and one of the most widely read Sanskrit books in India next to Bhagavad Gita, perhaps. Their writer of the Hitopadesha wanted to instruct young minds to help them grow up into mature adults. The stories are interesting.

The Kathasaritsagara ("The Ocean of the Stream of Stories")

by Somadeva - a famous collection from the 1000s AD. Tales from this extensive repository (or its main source, the book Brihat-katha) travelled to many parts of the world.

Other Collections

A much more recent collection is Fables from India collected by P. V. Ramuswami Raju. "For children it should be an excellent thing to read," says The New York Times (August 16, 1902, Saturday Review of Books and Art", Page BR11). Raju writes in his preface: "The collection contains more than a hundred fables. Of these a few have long had a standing in the literature of India, though in a slightly different garb. The rest may be said to have been derived from original sources." [p. vii]

Another recent and well-written collection is Cradle Tales of Hinduism by Nivedita, the Irish-born Margaret Elizabeth Noble (1867-1911) a teacher who came to dedicate herself to the uplift of Indian women and founded the Nivedita Girls' School in Calcutta apart from writing and retelling books.

Tales and Parables of Sri Ramakrishna consists of religious tales and teachings by parables that are drawn from ordinary life experience.

- Tormod Byrn Kinnes

Literature
Bhatta, Somadeva. The Katha Sarit Sagara; or, Ocean of the Streams of Story. Vol 1. Tr. Charles Henry Tawney. Calcutta: J. W. Thomas at Baptist Mission Press, 1880-1884.
Bhatta, Somadeva. The Ocean of Story, Being Charles Henry Tawney's Translation of Somadeva's Katha Sarit Sagara (or Ocean of Streams of Story). Vols. 2-10 - Ed. Norman Mosley Penzer. London: Priv. print. for subscribers, by C. J. Sawyer, 1924-28.
Nivedita, Sister (Margaret Noble). Cradle Tales of Hinduism. London: Longman, 1907.
Rajan, Chandra, tr. Visnu Sarma: The Panchatantra. London: Penguin Classics, 1995.
Ramakrishna. Tales and Parables of Sri Ramakrishna. 5th ed. Madras: Ramakrishna Math, 1974.
Ramasvami Raju, P. V. ed. Indian Fables. New ed. London: S. Sonnenschein and Co., 1901.

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