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Emerson was a famous North American essayist, philosopher, and writer. Welcome to "Emerson thought made useful."
Quotations and Fragments from Emerson's Essay "Self-Reliance"
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| "A true man is the centre of things". - With Emerson |
To the question, "Is this the true Emerson?" the answer is: "He was a variegated writer-poet."
In this series a selection of his entertaining statements are usually quoted verbatim. But some citations are just fragments. Selections and arrangement are by - Tormod Kinnes
Contents
Quotations from Emerson's "Self-Reliance"- A Call for Genuineness
- Truthfulness
- Intuition, Intelligence and Reveries
- Real Virtue
- Self-Trust
- Travelling Far
- Great Men
- The Arts
- Other Observations
- Enslaving Conformity
- Society and Property
- Misunderstanding and Contradiction
Supporting "well medleys" are presupposed
throughout:Emerson's Essay Self-Reliance
Groundwork First
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| Emerson |
- Direct quotations are marked by [Emerson].
- Certain abbreviated Emerson statements are marked [With Emerson]. The ideas they contain may be found in a wider scenario in Emerson phrase(s) they are related to.
- Modified statements are marked [Mod Emerson].
- Humourously qualified Emerson statements are marked by [Hum Emerson].
TWELVE GROUPS. The words that follow are arranged in twelve groups, each with its own heading. Finally, the "three-steps" arrangement of the statements within each group may make it easier to get more out of them once you study the strategies involved in such a design. It pays to probe that new design well. The many ¤ (markers) behind some statements refer to that layout, and not to any other things.
COMPARE. If you would like to see the sentences that Emerson wrote and their contexts in paragraphs and developing lines of thought, see the complete essay Self-Reliance. It is possible to search that page by clicking on 'Ctrl' and 'f' at the same time, and fill in key words and phrases in the box that appears.
A Call for Genuineness
Your genuine actions can
turn out to be harmonious as they serve your self-keeping
THE SOUL always hears an admonition in original and not conventional verses. [With
Emerson]Imitation is suicide. [Emerson]
Your genuine action will explain your other genuine actions. [With Emerson]
The soul becomes. [Emerson]
Of one will, the actions may be harmonious, however unlike they seem. [Mod Emerson]
These roses under my window make no reference to former roses or to better ones; they exist with God today. [With Emerson] ¤
Let a man know his worth, and keep things under his feet. [With Emerson]
I must be myself. I cannot break myself any longer for you, or you. [Emerson]
Trust your heart and do right
to yourself
I SUPPOSE no man can violate his nature—Trust yourself: every heart vibrates to that
iron string. [Emerson] ¤
Do right now. [Emerson]
To believe your private heart
in solitude is great
THE ESSENCE of genius, of virtue, and of life we call Spontaneity. [With Emerson]I will not hide my tastes or aversions. [Emerson]
To believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart is true for all men, that is also genius. [Mod Emerson]
When a mind is simple, and receives a divine wisdom, old things pass away. [Mod Emerson]
The voices which we hear in solitude grow faint and inaudible as we enter into the world. [Emerson]
What I must do is all that concerns me, not what the people think. This rule may serve for
the whole distinction between greatness and meanness. [With Emerson] ¤ [T+]
Summary
- Your genuine actions can turn out to be harmonious as they serve your self-keeping.
- Trust your heart and do right to yourself.
- To believe your private heart in solitude is great.
Genuine actions result from trusting and believing what is heart-felt and from
deep inside.
Dr. Abernathy trusting his heart-feelings
A talkative lady patient came to Dr. Abernathy, the eccentric English physician of another
day, and talked tirelessly and tiresomely about her complaint."Put out your tongue, madam," barked Dr. Abernathy. The lady complied.
"Now keep it there till I've done talking."
Truthfulness
A true man goes on to live truly
and centre deeply
WE FOLLOW the truth, it will bring us out safe at last. [Emerson]A true man is the centre of things. [With Emerson]
If we live truly, we shall see truly. [Emerson] ¤
All persons have their moments of reason, when they look out into the region of absolute
truth; then will they justify me. [Emerson]
Handsome truths are to be
preferred
TRUTH is handsomer than the affectation of love. [Emerson]
We come to them who weep foolishly instead of imparting to them truth and health in rough
electric shocks, putting them once more in communication with their own reason. [With
Emerson]
Live in truth and measure your
work - monitoring yourself is an aspect of that
I KNOW that for myself it makes no difference whether I do or forbear those actions which
are reckoned excellent. [Emerson]To live in truth. Does this sound harsh today? [With Emerson]
A true man measures all events. [With Emerson]
Do your work, and you shall reinforce yourself. [Emerson]
The soul raised over passion notes the self-existence of Truth and Right [With Emerson] ¤
[T+]
Summary
- A true man goes on to live truly and centre deeply.
- Handsome truths are to be preferred.
- Live in truth and measure your work - monitoring yourself is an aspect of it.
A true man shows handsome truths to his ability and lives truth too.
Belitting a composer is not friendly. Nor is it advanced
One day a composer that Rossini (1792-1868) did not know, brought him the scores of two
oratorios, seeking his opinion. Rossini tried to excuse himself, citing poor health. But
the composer insisted, and said he would return in a week for Rossini's judgment. He did so,
finding Rossini in his armchair, serene and smiling, but quick to say that he had been so
ill and had slept so little that he had been able to examine only one of the
scores."And what did you think of it?" was the eager question.
"There are good things in it . . . but I prefer the other one."
- A neat and handsome truth is not deriding.
Intuition, Intelligence and Reveries
Intuitive findings result
from attuning to Being inside yourself
THE IDLEST reverie, the faintest native emotion, command native respect. [Mod Emerson]Your isolation must be spiritual, that is, elevation. [With Emerson]
Intuition is the fountain of action and of thought—We denote primary wisdom as Intuition, whilst all later teachings are tuitions. [With Emerson]
Adhere to the contemplation of the facts of life from the highest point of view - of a beholding and jubilant Being—Thus let sound simplicity judge [Mod Emerson] ¤
There is somewhat low even in hope, as compared to attuning to the brilliant here-and-now.
[Cf. Emerson]
Stun and astonish by talk if
needs be. There are other and better ways too
WHY DO we prate of Self-Reliance? To talk of reliance is a poor external way of speaking.
[With Emerson]
Let us stun and astonish by a simple declaration of the divine fact. [With Emerson] ¤
In intuition you sense "I am"
and live too
WE LIE in the lap of immense intelligence. [Emerson]Man postpones or does not live in the present, heedless of the riches that surround him. [With Emerson]
In intuition all things find their common origin. [With Emerson]
When you have life in yourself, it is not by any known or accustomed way. [Emerson]
Live with nature in the present, even above time. This should be plain enough. [With
Emerson] ¤ [T+]
Summary
- Intuitive findings result from attuning to Being inside yourself.
- Stun and astonish by talk if needs be. There are other and better ways too.
- In intuition you sense "I am" and live too.
Intuitive findings astonish others who have enough intuitive brightness to
perceive astonishing things.
Only whispering the troublesome word as a result of quite astonishing thinking
During a fit of madness George III (1738-1820) insisted on ending every sentence with
the word "peacock." This was a grave embarrassment to his ministers whenever he spoke in
public until one of them thought of telling him that "peacock" was a particularly royal word
and should therefore only be whispered when the king addressed his subjects. The suggestion
helped.
Real Virtue
Consider whether your dog
begs from you in very smooth and smart ways or adds something of value to you; the former is
very common nowadays
LET US wake Thor and Woden [Odin], courage and constancy, in our breasts. This is to be
done in our smooth times by speaking the truth. [With Emerson]Nature suffers nothing to remain in her kingdoms which cannot help itself. [Emerson]
Live ever in a new day. [Emerson]
Consider whether your relations, cat, and dog can upbraid you. [With Emerson] ¤
Man's genius is not admonished to stay at home, to put itself in communication with the
internal ocean, but it goes abroad to beg a cup of water of the urns of other men. [With
Emerson]
The Supreme Existence is
filling all animals too, not only human beings
SELF-EXISTENCE is the attribute of the Supreme Being. [Cf. Emerson]This is an ultimate "law" too:
Learn to check things carefully as soon as you are up to it
VIRTUE is Height. This is the ultimate fact—So let us always sit. [Emerson]The populace think that your rejection of popular standards is a rejection of all standard. But the law of consciousness abides. [With Emerson]
Check any lying affection. [Mod Emerson] ¤ [T+]
Summary
- Consider whether your dog begs or gets from you in very smooth and smart ways or adds something of value to you; the former is very common nowadays.
- The Supreme Existence is filling all animals -
- Check things carefully.
Consider that the common fare may contain fooling or depraving agents: "The dog gives and
the dog takes away"; is there balance in it? Is is a win-win fare for all concerned? Have
you found your stimulating match, even mentally? The one to spend time with, instead of
cultivating yourself or some art? Let us hope the best but not omit to check things
carefully, to our ability.
Sorry
Shortly before his death, Judge John Marshall Harlan of the U. S. Supreme Court became
partly conscious and spoke his farewell words to those who were at his bedside:
"Goodbye. I am sorry to have kept you all waiting so long."
Self-Trust
The self-helper can be a
veritable, masked genius
AS SOON as the man is at one with God, he will not beg—In proportion to the depth of
the thought and with the exercise of self-trust, new powers will appear. [Mod Emerson]For the self-helping man some doors are flung wide. Our love goes out to him and embraces him, because he did not need it. [Mod Emerson] ¤
If the finest genius studies at one of our colleges it seems to his friends and to himself
that he is right in being disheartened, and in complaining the rest of his life. [With
Emerson]
Do not demand trust of a
superior, and hardly your wife either
HE WHO does not postpone his life may get a hundred chances. [With Emerson] ¤
It demands something godlike to cast off the common motives of humanity and trust oneself
for a taskmaster. [With Emerson]
Who always falls - we should
revere the strength involved in that feat too
GOOD MEN must detach themselves. [Mod Emerson]A sturdy lad from New Hampshire who always falls on his feet like a cat, is worth a hundred of city dolls. He lives already. [Hum Emerson]
The moment a man acts from himself, we should thank and revere him. [With Emerson] [T+]
Summary
- The self-helper can be a veritable, masked genius.
- Do not demand trust of a superior, and hardly from your wife either.
- Who always falls - we could revere the strength involved in that feat too . . .
The self-helper demands no wife out of elephant strength.
Not brotherhood, for staring ones may become a paying public
The British painter and poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-82) once said that he wanted
to buy an elephant, and when his friends asked what for, he replied, "So I can teach it to
wash the windows of my house."When they still seemed puzzled, he added, "Then everyone would stare and say, 'That elephant is washing the windows of the house in which lives Dante Gabriel Rossetti, the famous artist."
Travelling Far
Vain travelling does not
carry us full well
HE WHO travels to be amused, or to get somewhat which he does not carry, travels away from
himself. Vain travelling is a fool's paradise. [Mod Emerson] ¤Travelling holds its
fascination still
IT IS for want of self-culture that the superstition of Travelling, whose idols are Italy,
England, Egypt, retains its fascination for all educated Americans. [Emerson]The soul is no traveller; the wise man stays at home. [Emerson] ¤
When his necessities, his duties, on any occasion call the wise man from his house, or
into foreign lands, he is at home still. [With Emerson]
Finding some intellectual
giant is testing and trying to folks
I HAVE no churlish objection to the circumnavigation of the globe for the purposes of art,
of study, and benevolence, so that the man is first domesticated, or does not go abroad with
the hope of finding somewhat greater than he knows. [Emerson]My giant goes with me wherever I go. [Emerson]
The rage of travelling is a symptom of a deeper unsoundness affecting the whole
intellectual action. [Emerson] [T+]
Summary
- Vain travelling does not carry us full well.
- Travelling holds its fascination still.
- Finding some intellectual giant is testing and trying to folks.
Vain or superficial travelling holds its fascination until the destinations are levelled
out by the common, often shallow tourism with its housings and scheduled spectacles and
events with persons steered like flocks of so many paying cattle - but such entertainments
are much better than TV shows. Moreover, showing off for tourist money is hardly organic or
rooted enough in the local community, which can be seen later, and may slowly degenerate
manners. - The thoughts of the intellectual folks are not welcome if they are not received
with thanks.
The speech
When Dr. Walter Williams spoke in a Chinese university, an interpreter translated
into Chinese symbols on a black board. Dr. Williams noted that the interpreter stopped
writing during most of the speech and at the conclusion he asked why."We only write when the speaker says something," was the blithe reply.
Great Men
Great geniuses can be really
pleasant to be with
USE ALL that is called Fortune. Most men gamble with her. [Emerson]The great genius returns to essential man. [Emerson]
He who is really of the class of Socrates and Diogenes, will be his own man—A great
man is coming to eat at my house. I do not wish to please him; I wish that he should wish to
please me. [Emerson] ¤
No book-knowledge is a merit
to some, and most often it is otherwise
SOME OF the highest merit we ascribe to Moses, Plato, and Milton is, that they set at
naught books and traditions, and spoke not what men but what they thought. [Mod Emerson]
¤Certain, often physical forms
of being "great" appeal to the young. These things change with age and maturity
REALLY great men leave no class. [Mod Emerson]Greatness appeals to the future. [Emerson]
Tomorrow a stranger will say with masterly good sense precisely what we have thought and felt all the time. [Emerson]
Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of sound principles. [Mod Emerson] ¤
Honour is always ancient virtue it is not a trap but is self-dependent, self-derived even
if shown in a young person. [With Emerson] [T+]
Summary
- Great geniuses can be really pleasant to be with.
- No book-knowledge is a merit to some, and most often it is otherwise.
- Certain, often physical forms of being "great" appeal to the young. These things change with age and maturity.
Meritorious, benevolent geniuses and things may change in time.
The strange flower
Miss Clara Morris told: "Somewhere there is an actor - and a good one - who never eats
celery without thinking of me.For years ago, when I was playing Camille, the unfortunate Armand took a rose from Camille as a token of love. But the flower was missing from its usual place on my breast. On the flower hung the strength of the scene. I looked around the stage. On the dinner table was some celery. Moving slowly toward it, I grasped the celery and twisted the tops into a rose form. Then I began the fateful lines:"
"Take this flower. If held and caressed it will fade in a morning or an evening."
Hardly able to control his laughter, Armand spoke his lines which ran: "It is a strange flower."
I agreed with him.
The Arts
Your own gift should be
cultivated to get neat too - or dangers may arise in the way
THE SOUL created the arts wherever they have flourished. [Emerson]Every great man is a unique. [Emerson]
Your own gift you can present every moment with the cumulative force of a whole life's
cultivation—Abide in the simple and noble regions of your life, obey thy heart, and you
shall reproduce the Foreworld again. [Emerson] ¤
Artful expressions may ignore
grammar and much else
INSIST on yourself; never imitate—That which each can do best, none but his Maker can
teach him. [Emerson]Do that which is assigned you, and you cannot hope too much. [Emerson] ¤
Artful expression is an application of one's own thought—Of the talent adopted from another, you have only half possession. [Mod Emerson]
The arts and inventions of each period are only its costume [Emerson]
There is at this moment for you an utterance brave and grand as that of the colossal chisel of Phidias, or trowel of the Egyptians, or the pen of Moses, or Dante, but different from all these. [Emerson]
Why need we copy the Doric or the Gothic model? Beauty, convenience, grandeur of thought, and quaint expression are as near to us as to any, and if the American artist will study with hope and love the precise thing to be done by him, considering the climate, the soil, the length of the day, the wants of the people, the habit and form of the government, he will create a house in which all these will find themselves fitted, and taste and sentiment will be satisfied also. [Emerson] [T+]
The fit and self-serving thoughts
come from inside yourself
Self-serving art is not to be overlooked. There is the art of living, which contains
other art forms. *Summary
- Your own gift should be cultivated to get neat too - or dangers may arise in the way.
- Artful expressions may ignore grammar and much else.
- The fit and self-serving thoughts come from inside yourself.
If your own gift is one of expressions, best thought serves both yourself and some
other(s).
Expressions of politics too
The first great constitutional crisis of Charles l's reign happened in 1629 when the king
found that Parliament would not do as he wished but instead had produced a document which
censured his policies. In consequence the king tried to dissolve the sitting. Uproar
followed in the House as the Speaker made as if to obey the king's command and leave the
chamber. But Denzil Holles (1599-1680) shouted, "God's wounds! You shall sit here till we
please to rise," and went to the Speaker's chair. There he and another man held the Speaker
down in it while the paper condemning illegal taxes was made.
Other Observations
To make no references is
simple, and may do in a flower-bed. At school it may be different
THESE ROSES under my window make no reference to former roses or to better ones; they
exist with God today. There is simply the rose; it is perfect in every moment of its
existence. [Emerson]I suppose no man can violate his nature. [Emerson] ¤
Envy is a form of ignorance. [With Emerson]
The swallow over my window should interweave that thread or straw he carries in his bill
into my web also—Do I not know beforehand? [Emerson]
Man is "good and bad"
according to some ideas too
I HAVE difficulty to detect the precise man you are so much force is withdrawn from your
proper life. [With Emerson]Man is, as it were, clapped into jail by his consciousness. [Emerson]
Good and bad are but names very readily transferable to that or this. [Emerson]
Do not tell me of my obligation to put all poor men in good situations. Are they my poor?
[With Emerson] ¤ [T+]
Summary
- Invalids pay too, but what can be more obscure.
- To make no references is simple, but at school it may be different.
- Man is "good and bad" according to some ideas too.
Invalids often have to pay to get life simple and convenient - To make no references to
invalids is good or bad according to circumstances, customs, or tastes. After all, other
references we make are often heavily sanctioned too.
The pleasant first time
One night a Negro was walking along Forty-second Street in New York, from the terminal
to the hotel, carrying a heavy suitcase and a heavier valise. Suddenly a hand took hold of
the valise and a pleasant voice said: "Pretty heavy, brother! Suppose you let me take one. I
am going your way."The negro resisted, but finally allowed the young white man to assist him in carrying his burden, and for several blocks they walked along, chatting like old cronies.
"And that was the first time I ever saw Theodore Roosevelt," said Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) years afterward.
Enslaving Conformity (There is Good Conformity Also)
Is our reading really helping us
to cleave to very fit and able company? That's a hard question
IF A MAN claims to know and speak of God, and carries you backward to the phraseology of
some old mouldered nation in another country, in another world, believe him not. [With
Emerson]Our reading is mendicant and sycophantic. [Emerson]
Beware of feminine rage. [Mod Emerson]
Every new mind is a new classification. [Emerson] ¤
Cleave to your true companions; I will seek my own, humbly and truly. [With Emerson]
Much influence of other minds is
to be reckoned with thoughout a life
WHEN THE ignorant and the poor are aroused, when the unintelligent brute force that lies
at the bottom of society is made to growl and mow, I am hindered of meeting God because he
has shut his own temple doors. [Mod Emerson]There is a mortifying experience in particular, that is "the foolish face of praise," the forced smile which we put on in company where we do not feel at ease in answer to conversation which does not interest us. [Emerson]
Many ignorant and brute men above us scare us from self-trust. [Mod Emerson]
In many unbalanced minds, the reckoning has suffered damage. [Cf. Emerson] ¤
Unsound classifications of powerful minds are to be reckoned with. [Mod Emerson]
For nonconformity the world whips you with its displeasure. [Emerson]
Consider what a blindman's-buff is the unsound game of conformity. [With Emerson]
Utter conformity makes false; why should you keep your head over your shoulder? [Mod Emerson]
That popular fable of the sot who was picked up dead drunk in the street, carried to the
duke's house, washed and dressed and laid in the duke's bed, and, on his waking, treated
with all obsequious ceremony like the duke, and assured that he had been insane, owes its
popularity to the fact, that it symbolizes so well the state of man, who is in the world a
sort of sot, but now and then wakes up, exercises his reason, and finds himself a true
prince. [Emerson]
A man must know how to affront
and reprimand coldhearted ones betimes
AT TIMES the whole world seems to be in conspiracy to importune you with emphatic trifles.
[Emerson]Most men have bound their eyes with one or another handkerchief. [Emerson]
A man must know how to estimate a sour face. [Emerson]
The power men possess to annoy me, I give them by a weak curiosity. [Emerson]
Let us affront and reprimand the smooth mediocrity and squalid contentment of the times.
[Emerson] ¤
Man is timid and apologetic; he is no longer upright but quotes some saint or sage. [With
Emerson] [T+]
Summary
- Is our reading really helping us to cleave to very fit and able company? That's a hard question.
- Much influence of other minds is to be reckoned with thoughout a life.
- A man must know how to affront and reprimand coldhearted ones betimes.
If reading takes us into better company, welcome it. And then affront cold-hearted ones,
only when you can afford that cost.
h
Society and Property
The civilized man depends on
machinery as a plantation owner depended on slavery in his day
YOU SHALL see that the white man has lost his aboriginal strength. [Emerson]
The civilized man has a fine Geneva watch, but he fails of the skill to tell the hour by
the sun—His note-books impair his memory; his libraries overload his wit; the
insurance-office increases the number of accidents; and it may be a question whether
machinery does not encumber; whether we have not lost by refinement some energy, some vigour
of wild virtue. [Emerson] ¤
A mere so-called improvement of
society needs to be scrutinised in time to ward off danger
ALL MEN plume themselves on the improvement of society, and no man improves. [Emerson]
¤To gain reliance from fine
property helps too. Don't ignore it
THE CIVILIZED man has built a coach, but has perhaps lost the use of his feet. He is
supported on crutches—An imitative society never solidly advances. It recedes as fast
on one side as it gains on the other. It undergoes continual changes; it is barbarous, it is
civilized For every thing that is given, something is taken. [Mod Emerson]The man in the street does not know a star in the sky. [Emerson]
The harm of the improved machinery may compensate its good. [Emerson]
Reliance on property, including the reliance on governments which protect it, is the want
of Self-Reliance. [Emerson] ¤
Men have looked away from themselves and at things so long, that they measure their esteem
of each other by what each has, and not by what each is. [With Emerson] [T+]
Summary
- The civilized man depends on machinery as a plantation owner depended on slavery in his day.
- A mere so-called improvement of society needs to be scrutinised in time to ward off danger.
- To gain reliance from fine property helps too. Don't ignore it.
The civilized man and woman should improve themselves and their lots through scrutinizing
their conditions and machines, or "trans-slaves", of today, for the sake of having fine,
tenable property, and don't rely on producers only.
When in Rome, do some of the things the Romans do, but think things over first
During (John) Calvin Coolidge's (1872-1933) presidency (1923-29), an overnight guest at
the White House was seated at the President's right hand at the family breakfast table. He
noted that Coolidge took his coffee cup, poured the greater part of its contents into the
deep saucer, and leisurely added a little bit of cream and a little sugar. The guest now
lost his head. With a panicky feeling that at the White House he was to do as the President
did, he hastily decanted his own coffee into the saucer and followed suit. When he had done
this, he saw Coolidge took his own saucer and placed it on the floor for the cat.
Misunderstanding and Contradiction
Some sulks that try to
misunderstand you, may go on to injure you wilfully as well. Beware of that
IT MAY not be so very bad if sulks misunderstand you. *A FOOLISH consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines. [Emerson]
Suppose you should contradict yourself; what then? [Emerson]
With bad consistency a great soul has simply nothing to do [Mod Emerson] ¤
Pythagoras was misunderstood -
but did it add to his esteem? That should be estimated too
IS IT so bad, then, to be misunderstood? Pythagoras was misunderstood, and Socrates, and
many other pure and wise spirits that ever took flesh. [Mod Emerson]
To be great is to be misunderstood, but by whom? [Mod Emerson] [T+]
To be great is to deviate from
average persons, and there are probably opportunities and dangers of that again
To be great is to be understood and appreciated by other great ones that resonate in
harmony with you.
To be great is to deviate considerably. *
Summary
- Some sulks that try to misunderstand you, may go on to injure you wilfully as well. One should beware of that.
- Pythagoras was misunderstood - but did it add to his esteem? That should be estimated too.
- To be great is to deviate from something called average, and there are probably opportunities and dangers of that again.
Is it not bad, then, to be understood?
Things understood
The photojournalist Robert Capa (1913-54) made
some of the best-known photographic records of the slaughter of the Spanish
Civil War. He was in the Basque town of Bilbao
in 1937 during the German bombing. He was out photographing when a German plane swooped low
overhead. With two other men he jumped for shelter into a ditch. Thinking that he needed
somehow to introduce himself, Capa turned to his companions. "I am a photographer," he said.
"I am a Basque Catholic," said the second man. The last man snarled, "Those are two
professions that are of no use at this moment."
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Adjoined
Em: Atkinson, Brooks, ed: Selected Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Modern Library. New York, 1950.Rwe: Porte, Joel and Saundra Morris, eds: The Cambridge Companion to Ralph Waldo Emerson. Cambridge UP. Cambridge, 1999.
Talw: Rusk, Ralph: The Life of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Columbia University. New York, 1949.
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