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The Gateless Gate by Mumon |
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1"To have ideas about Buddha and the Dharma is to be imprisoned," cautions the author of this work]The practice Mumon advocates, starts by being yourself and bring more of it to the surface, and in so doing getting better and better able to experience and appreciate your life too. Maybe. It is far and wide up to each one. There may be no real need to move anywhere else, but people tend to look for A Great Thing far away and very often avoid quite ordinary things . . . not realizing that the Mystery can be within a common life too. There is this helpful Zen counsel: "Bring to rest the thoughts of the naturally roving mind and you will not differ from the ancestral Buddha," Roshi Fushin suggests. 2THE AUTHOR is the Chinese Ch'an (Zen) master Wu-men Hui-hai (in Japanese: Mumon Ekai), (1183-1260), a contemporary of the Japanese Zen roshi Eihei Dogen (1200-53).THE TEXT of the Gateless Gate was written down not according to any scheme, but to make a collection of forty-eight cases. It is called The Gateless Gate or The Gateless Barrier ("Wu-wen kuan" in Chinese and "Mumonkan" in Japanese). Some of the cases are presented below. The comments and verses of Wu-men (Mumon) are battered for the sake of easy reading. SETTING THE SCENE: In the summer of AD 1228 Wu-men Hui-hai (alias Mumon Ekai) was in the Ryusho Temple and as head monk worked with the monks, using the cases of the ancient masters as brickbats to batter the gate and lead them on according to their respective capacities. 3The Gateless Gate (Japanese: Mumonkan) is a collection of 48 Chan (Zen) koans compiled in the early 1200s by the Chinese Zen master Wumen Hui-k'ai (1183-1260) (Japanese: Mumon Ekai). Each koan is accompanied by a commentary and verse by Wumen (Mumon).The Gateless Gate is a central work for the Rinzai School of Zen. The student is challenged to transcend the koan instead of not reading it and thus save time (!) The full title of the work is Chan Zong Wumen Guan ("The Zen Sect's Gateless Barrier or Gateless Checkpoint". The two Chinese characters translated mean something like "The Gateless Passage, The Gateless Barrier or The Gateless Checkpoint", and seems linked to the idea that the Gate is Buddhist practice. There is a warning at the end of the text, an appendix called something like "Zen Caveats". If you sense that "First screw up their minds, next try to remedy them" is a bit twisted, you may be right. Do what you can. Zen Stories1 Joshu's "Mu"A monk asked Joshu, "Has a dog the Buddha Nature?" Joshu answered, "Mu."From Mumon's CommentSummon up a spirit of great doubt and concentrate on this word "Mu" [Many a cow does it thoroughly, and see where such practice gets it! TK]. Carry it continuously day and night. If you hold on without interruption, behold: a single spark, and the holy candle is lit!That is how far Mumon goes. But there is more from the Chinese text: A monk asked Zhaozhou (Joshu), "Does a dog have Buddha-nature or not?"Translators often render Zhaozhou's answer as mu from Japanese retellings. Normally, wu and mu mean no, not, without, or nonexistence. Mahayana Buddhist doctrine, codified in the Nirvana Sutra, holds that all sentient beings, including animals, possess the capacity for enlightenment. A related koan in the Book of Serenity reinforces the teaching that Zhaozhou's response does not refer to affirmation or negation: One time a monk asked Zhaozhou, "Does a dog have Buddha-nature or not?"Conclude for yourself. - TK 2 Hyakujo's FoxWhen Hyakujo Osho delivered a certain series of sermons, an old man always followed the monks to the main hall and listened to him. When the monks left the hall, the old man would also leave. One day, however, he remained behind, and Hyakujo asked him, "Who are you, standing here before me?"The old man replied, "I am not a human being. In the old days of Kashyapa Buddha, I was a head monk, living here on this mountain. One day a student asked me, 'Does a man of enlightenment fall under the yoke of causation or not?' I answered, 'No, he does not.' Since then I have been doomed to undergo five hundred rebirths as a fox. I beg you now to give the turning word to release me from my life as a fox. Tell me, does a man of enlightenment fall under the yoke of causation or not?" Hyakujo answered, "He does not ignore causation." No sooner had the old man heard these words than he was enlightened. Making his bows, he said, "I am emancipated from my life as a fox. I shall remain on this mountain. I have a favour to ask of you: would you please bury my body as that of a dead monk." Hyakujo had the director of the monks strike with the gavel and inform everyone that after the midday meal there would be a funeral service for a dead monk. The monks wondered at this, saying, "Everyone is in good health; nobody is in the sick ward. What does this mean?" After the meal Hyakujo led the monks to the foot of a rock on the far side of the mountain and with his staff poked out the dead body of a fox and performed the ceremony of cremation. That evening he ascended the rostrum and told the monks the whole story. obaku thereupon asked him, "The old man gave the wrong answer and was doomed to be a fox for five hundred rebirths. Now, suppose he had given the right answer, what would have happened then?" Hyakujo said, "You come here to me, and I will tell you." Obaku went up to Hyakujo and boxed his ears. Hyakujo clapped his hands with a laugh and exclaimed, "I was thinking that the barbarian had a red beard, but now I see before me the red-bearded barbarian himself." 4 The Western Barbarian with No BeardFrom Mumon's VerseDon't discuss your dream before a fool.5 Kyogen's "Man up in a Tree"Kyogen Osho said, "It is like a man up in a tree hanging from a branch with his mouth; his hands grasp no bough, his feet rest on no limb. Someone appears under the tree and asks him, 'What is the meaning of Bodhidharma's coming from the West?'If he does not answer, he fails to respond to the question. If he does answer, he will lose his life. What would you do in such a situation?" 6 The Buddha Holds Out a FlowerWhen Shakyamuni Buddha was at Mount Vulture Peak, he held out a flower to his listeners. Everyone was silent. Only Mahakashyapa broke into a broad smile. The Buddha said,"I have the True Dharma Eye, the Marvelous Mind of Nirvana, the True Form of the Formless, and the Subtle Dharma Gate, independent of words and transmitted beyond doctrine. This I have entrusted to Mahakashyapa." 7 Joshu's "Wash Your Bowl"A monk said to Joshu, "I have just entered this monastery. Please teach me.""Have you eaten your rice porridge?" asked Joshu. "Yes, I have," replied the monk. "Then you had better wash your bowl," said Joshu. With this the monk gained insight. MENTION. This koan is beloved of students, but it relates to monastic practices in a cultural context. Zhaozhou may hint at something else when he is asking whether the monk has eaten: he could have be asking whether the monk was able to remain in samadhi. The monk affirms. Anyway, this koan to be understood without any reference to cultural context. Zhaozhou was asking the monk if he had finished eating, because after a meal, it was common routine among monks to wash the dishes. Most students may take the koan to signify that what is central, is to be greatly aware in the moment. 8 Keichu the WheelmakerGettan Osho said, "Keichu, the first wheelmaker, made a cart whose wheels had a hundred spokes. Now, suppose you took a cart and removed both the wheels and the axle. What would you have?"From Mumon's VerseWhen the spiritual wheels turn, they travel in all directions, above and below, north, south, east, and west.9 Daitsu Chisho BuddhaA monk asked Koyo Seijo, "Daitsu Chisho Buddha sat in zazen for ten kalpas and could not attain Buddhahood. He did not become a Buddha. How could this be?"Seijo said, "Your question is quite self-explanatory." The monk asked, "He meditated so long; why could he not attain Buddhahood?" Seijo said, "Because he did not become a Buddha." 10 Seizei Is Utterly DestitudeSeizei said to Sozan, "Seizei is utterly destitude. Will you give him support?"Sozan called out, "Seizei!" Seizei responded, "Yes, sir!" Sozan said, "You have finished three cups of the finest wine in China, and still you say you have not yet moistened your lips!" 11 Joshu Sees the HermitsJoshu went to a hermit's cottage and asked, "Is the master in? Is the master in?"The hermit raised his fist. Joshu said, "The water is too shallow to anchor here," and he went away. Coming to another hermit's cottage, he asked again, "Is the master in? Is the master in?" This hermit, too, raised his fist. Joshu said, "Free to give, free to take, free to kill, free to save," and he made a deep bow. From Mumon's CommentBoth raised their fists; why was the one accepted and the other rejected? Tell me, what is the difficulty here?12 Zuigan Calls His MasterZuigan Gen Osho called to himself every day, "Master!" and answered, "Yes, sir!"Then he would say, "Be wide awake!" and answer, "Yes, sir!" "Henceforward, never be deceived by others!" "No, I won't!" 13 Tokusan Holds His BowlsOne day Tokusan went down toward the dining room, holding his bowls. Seppo met him and asked, "Where are you off to with your bowls? The bell has not rung, and the drum has not sounded."Tokusan turned and went back to his room. Seppo mentioned this to Ganto, who remarked, "Tokusan is renowned, but he does not know the last word." Tokusan heard about this remark and sent his attendant to fetch Ganto. "You do not approve of me?" he asked. Ganto whispered his meaning. Tokusan said nothing at the time, but the next day he ascended the rostrum, and behold! he was very different from usual! Ganto, going toward the front of the hall, clapped his hands and laughed loudly, saying, "Congratulations! Our old man has got hold of the last word! From now on, nobody in this whole country can outdo him!" From Mumon's CommentGanto (and) Tokusan are like puppets on the shelf!15 Tozan's Sixty BlowsTozan came to study with Unmon. Unmon asked, "Where are you from?""From Sato," Tozan replied. "Where were you during the summer?" "Well, I was at the monastery of Hozu, south of the lake." "When did you leave there," Unmon asked. "On August 25" was Tozan's reply. "I spare you sixty blows," Unmon said. The next day Tozan came to Unmon and said, "Yesterday you said you spared me sixty blows. I beg to ask you, where was I at fault?" "Oh, you rice bag!" shouted Unmon. "What makes you wander about, now west of the river, now south of the lake?" Tozan thereupon came to a mighty enlightenment experience. From Mumon's CommentShould Tozan have been given sixty blows or not? If you say yes, you admit that all the universe should be beaten.16 When the Bell SoundsUnmon said, "The world is vast and wide. Why do you put on your seven-piece robe at the sound of the bell?"From Mumon's VerseWith realization, things make one family. With realization, things are separated in a thousand ways.17 Chu the National Teacher Gives Three CallsThe National Teacher called his attendant three times, and three times the attendant responded. The National Teacher said, "I long feared that I was betraying you, but really it was you who were betraying me."From Mumon's CommentWhen the country is flourishing, talent is prized. When the home is wealthy, the children are proud.18 Tozan's "Masagin"A monk asked Tozan, "What is Buddha?"Tozan replied, "Three pounds of flax!" From Mumon's VerseThose who argue about right and wrong are those enslaved by right and wrong.19 Nansen's "Ordinary Mind Is the Way"Joshu asked Nansen, "What is the Way?""Ordinary mind is the Way," Nansen replied. "Shall I try to seek after it?" Joshu asked. "If you try for it, you will become separated from it," responded Nansen. "How can I know the Way unless I try for it?" persisted Joshu. Nansen said, "The Way is not a matter of knowing or not knowing. The true Way is as vast and boundless as outer space." [Abbreviated] From Mumon's VerseIf useless things do not clutter your mind, you have the best days of your life.20 The Man of Great StrengthShogen Osho asked, "Why is it that a man of great strength does not lift his legs?" And he also said, "It is not the tongue he speaks with."From Mumon's CommentNo one can appreciate him (Shogen)! And even if someone could appreciate him, let him come to me, and I'll beat him severely.21 Unmon's Dry Shit-StickA monk asked Unmon, "What is Buddha?"Unmon replied, "A dry shit-stick!" From Mumon's CommentUnmon hurriedly took up a shit-stick (shikets) to support the Way. The decline of Buddhism was thus foreshadowed.22 Kashyapa's "Knock Down the Flagpole"Ananda asked Kashyapa, "The World-honored One gave you the golden robe; did he give you anything else?""Ananda!" cried Kashyapa. "Yes, sir!" answered Ananda. "Knock down the flagpole at the gate," said Kashyapa. From Mumon's VerseMany have knit their brows over this.23 Think Neither Good Nor EvilThe Sixth Patriarch [Hui-Neng] was pursued by the monk Myo as far as Taiyu Mountain. The patriarch, seeing Myo coming, laid the robe and bowl on a rock and said, "This robe represents the faith; it should not be fought over. If you want to take it away, take it now."Myo tried to move it, but it was as heavy as a mountain and would not budge. Faltering and trembling, he cried out, "I came for the Dharma, not for the robe. I beg you, please give me your instruction." The patriarch said, "At this very moment, what is the original self of the monk Myo?" Myo was directly illuminated at this, and his whole body was covered with sweat. He wept and bowed, saying, "Besides the secret words and the secret meaning you have just now revealed to me, is there anything else, deeper still?" The patriarch said, "What I have told you is no secret at all. When you look into your own true self, whatever is deeper is found right there." Myo said, "I could not realize my true self. But now I know it is like a man drinking water and knowing whether it is cold or warm. You are now my teacher." The patriarch said, "If you say so.Be mindful to treasure and hold fast to what you have attained." (Abbreviated] From Mumon's CommentThe Sixth Patriarch displayed a grandmotherly kindness.From Mumon's VerseYour true self; when the world is destroyed, is not destroyed.24 Fuketsu's Speech and SilenceA monk asked Fuke, "Both speech and silence are faulty in being ri [inward action of mind] or bi [outward action of mind]. How can we escape these faults?"Fuke said, "I always remember the spring in Konan, where the partridges sing; how fragrant the countless flowers!" From Mumon's CommentIf you can really grasp the problem, you can readily find the way out.25 Kyozan's DreamIn a dream Kyozan Osho went to Maitreya's place and was led in to sit in the third seat. A senior monk struck with a gavel and said, "Today the one in the third seat will speak."Kyozan rose and, striking with the gavel, said, "The truth of Mahayana is beyond the four propositions. Hear the truth!" [Slightly abbreviated] 26 Two Monks Roll Up the BlindsWhen the monks assembled before the midday meal to listen to his lecture, the great Hogen of Seiryo pointed at the bamboo blinds. Two monks simultaneously went and rolled them up. Hogen said, "One gain, one loss."From Mumon's CommentI warn you strongly against discussing gain and loss.27 Nansen's "Not Mind, Not Buddha, Not Things"A monk asked Nansen, "Is there any Dharma that has not been preached to the people?"Nansen answered, "There is." "What is the truth that has not been taught?" asked the monk. Nansen said, "It is not mind; it is not Buddha; it is not things." From Mumon's VerseTalking too much spoils your virtue.28 Ryutan Blows Out the CandleTokusan asked Ryutan about Zen far into the night. At last Ryutan said, "The night is late. Why don't you retire?"Tokusan made his bows and lifted the blinds to withdraw, but he was met by darkness. Turning back to Ryutan, he said, "It is dark outside." Ryutan lit a paper candle and handed it to him. Tokusan was about to take it when Ryutan blew it out. At this, all of a sudden, Tokusan went through a deep experience and made bows. Ryutan said, "What sort of realization do you have?" "From now on," said Tokusan, "I will not doubt the words of an old osho who is renowned everywhere under the sun." The next day Ryutan ascended the rostrum and said, "I see a fellow among you. His fangs are like the sword tree. His mouth is like a blood bowl. Strike him with a stick, and he won't turn his head to look at you. Someday or other, he will climb the highest of the peaks and establish our Way there." Tokusan brought his notes on the Diamond Sutra to the front of the hall, pointed to them with a torch, and said, "Even though you have exhausted the abtruse doctrines, it is like placing a hair in a vast space. Even though you have learned all the secrets of the world, it is like a drop of water dripped on the great ocean." And he burned all his notes. Then, making bows, he took his leave of his teacher. From Mumon's CommentWhen (Tokusan) reached the road to Reishu, he asked an old woman to let him have lunch to "refresh the mind.""What sort of literature do you carry in your pack?" the old woman asked. "Commentaries on the Diamond Sutra," replied Tokusan. The old woman said, "I hear it is said in that sutra, 'The past mind cannot be held, the present mind cannot be held, the future mind cannot be held.' Now, I would like to ask you, what mind are you going to have refreshed?" As for Ryutan, he seemed to have lost all sense of shame in his compassion toward his son. A little cool reflection tells us it was all a farce. From Mumon's VerseHearing the name cannot surpass seeing the face.29 Hui-Neng's "Your Minds Move"The wind was flapping a temple flag, and two monks started an argument. One said the flag moved, the other said the wind moved; they argued back and forth but could not reach a conclusion.The Sixth Patriarch Hui-Neng said, "It is not the wind that moves, it is not the flag that moves; it is your minds that move." 30 Baso's "This Very Mind Is the Buddha"Daibai asked Baso, "What is the Buddha?"Baso answered, "This very mind is the Buddha." From Mumon's CommentIf you directly grasp Baso's meaning, you wear the Buddha's clothes, eat the Buddha's food, speak the Buddha's words, do the Buddha's deedsthat is, you are a Buddha himself.If a man of understanding hears anyone say, "This very mind is the Buddha," he will cover his ears and rush away. From Mumon's VerseWith loot in your pocket, you declare yourself innocent.31 Joshu Investigates an Old WomanA monk asked an old woman, "What is the way to Taisan?"The old woman said, "Go straight on." And when the monk had proceeded a few steps, she said, "A good, respectable monk, but he too goes that way." Afterward someone told Joshu about this. Joshu said, "Wait a bit, I will go and investigate the old woman for you." The next day he went and asked the same question, and the old woman gave the same answer. On returning, Joshu said to his disciples, "I have investigated the old woman of Taisan for you." From Mumon's CommentTell me, what did Joshu see in the old woman?32 A Non-Buddhist Philosopher Questions the BuddhaA non-Buddhist philosopher said to the Buddha, "I do not ask for words; I do not ask for non-words."The Buddha just sat there. The philosopher said admiringly, "The World-honored One, with his great mercy, has blown away the clouds of my illusion and enabled me to enter the Way." And after making bows, he took his leave. Then Ananda asked the Buddha, "What did he realize, to admire you so much?" The World-honored One replied, "A fine horse runs even at the shadow of the whip." From Mumon's CommentAnanda was the Buddha's disciple, but his understanding was not equal to that of the non-Buddhist. And what difference is there between the Buddha's disciple and the non-Buddhist?33 Baso's "No Mind, No Buddha"A monk asked Baso, "What is the Buddha?"Baso answered, "No mind, no Buddha." From Mumon's CommentIf you understand this, you have finished studying Zen.From Mumon's VerseDon't offer a poem unless you meet a poet.34 Nansen's "Reason Is Not the Way"Nansen said, "Mind is not the Buddha, reason is not the Way."From Mumon's CommentNansen let slip the family secrets. Yet there are very few who are grateful for his kindness.From Mumon's VerseHe opens his heart and expounds the whole secret.35 Seijo's Soul SeparatedGoso said to his monks, "Seijo's soul separated from her being. Which was the real Seijo?"From Mumon's VerseValleys and mountains are separate from each other. Are they one or are they two?36 When You Meet a Man of the WayGoso said, "When you meet a man of the Way on the path, do not meet him with words or in silence. Tell me, how will you meet him?"From Mumon's CommentBe watchful in every way.From Mumon's VerseMeet him with neither words nor silence.A punch on the jaw: Understand, if you can directly understand. 37 Joshu's Oak TreeA monk asked Joshu, "What is the meaning of Bodhidharma's coming to China?"Joshu said, "The oak tree in the garden." From Mumon's CommentIf you understand Joshu's answer intimately, there is no Shakya before you, no Maitreya to come.On top of Mumon's VerseSwayed or blocked by wordy phrases, one is bewildered.38 A Buffalo Passes the WindowGoso said, "A buffalo passes by the window. His head, horns, and four legs all go past. But why can't the tail pass too?"From Mumon's CommentReturn to this tail and reflect upon it, and [maybe] you will realize something.From Mumon's VerseThis tiny little tail, what a strange thing it is!39 A Mistake in SpeakingA monk said to Unmon, "The brilliance of the Buddha silently illuminates the whole universe . . ." But before the could finish the verse, Unmon said, "Aren't those the words of Choetsu the Genius?""Yes, they are," answered the monk. "You have slipped up in your speaking," Unmon said. Afterward, Shishin Zenji brought up the matter and said, "Tell me, at what point did the monk err in his speaking?" From Mumon's CommentIf you are not yet clear about it, you are far from saving yourself.From Mumon's VerseThe greedy will be caught.40 Tipping Over a Water BottleWhen Isan Osho was with Hyakujo, he was head cook of the monastery. Hyakujo wanted to choose a master for Mount Tai-i, so he called together all the monks and told them that anyone who could answer his question in an outstanding manner would be chosen. Then he took a water bottle and stood it on the floor, and said, "You may not call this a water bottle. What do you call it?"The head monk said, "It cannot be called a stump." Hyakujo asked Isan his opinion. Isan tipped over the water bottle with his feet and went out. Hyakujo laughed and said, "The head monk loses." And Isan was named as the founder of the new monastery. 41 Bodhidharma's Mind-PacifyingFrom Mumon's CommentThe broken-toothed old Hindu was raising waves where there was no wind. In his last years he induced enlightenment in his disciple.From Mumon's VerseThe clamor of the monasteries is all because of [Bodhidharma].42 The Girl Comes out of SamadhiOnce, in the old days, in the time of the World-honored One, Manjusri went to the assembly of the Buddhas and found that everyone had departed to his original dwelling place. Only a girl remained, sitting in samadhi close to the Buddha's throne. Manjusri asked Shakyamuni Buddha, "Why can the girl get near the Buddha's throne, while I cannot?"Shakyamuni Buddha said, "Bring her out of her samadhi and ask her yourself." Manjusri walked around the girl three times, snapped his fingers once, took her to the Brahma heaven, and exerted all his miraculous powers to bring her out of her meditation, but in vain. The World-honored One said, "Even a hundred thousand Manjusris cannot make her wake up. But down below, past twelve hundred million lands as innumerable as the sands of Ganges, there is a Bodhisattva Momyo. He will be able to rouse her from her samadhi." Instantly the Bodhisattva Momyo emerged from the earth and made a bow to the World-honored One, who gave him his imperial order. The Bodhisattva went over to the girl and snapped his fingers once. At this she came out of her samadhi. 43 Shuzan's StaffShuzan Osho held up his staff before his disciples and said, "You monks! If you call this a staff, you oppose its reality. If you do not call it a staff, you ignore the fact. Tell me, you monks, what will you call it?"44 Basho's StaffBasho Osho said to his disciples, "If you have a staff, I will give you a staff. If you have no staff, I will take it from you."From Mumon's CommentIt helps me wade across a river when the bridge is down.45 Hoen's "Who Is He?"Hoen of Tozan said, "Even Shakya and Maitreya are servants of another. I want to ask you, who is he?"From Mumon's CommentIf you can really see this "another", it is like encountering your own father at a crossroads. Should you ask whether you recognize him or not?From Mumon's VerseDon't discuss another's faults, and don't explore another's affairs.46 Proceed On from the Top of the PoleSekiso Osho asked, "How can you proceed on further from the top of a hundred-foot pole?"Another eminent teacher of old said, "You, who sit on the top of a hundred-foot pole, although you have entered the Way you are not yet genuine. Proceed on from the top of the pole, and you will show your whole body in the ten directions." From Mumon's CommentHow will you go on further from the top of a hundred-foot pole? Eh?"47 Tosotsu's Three BarriersTosotsu Etsu Osho set up three barriers for his disciples:1. You leave no stone unturned to explore profundity, simply to see into your true nature. Now, I want to ask you, just at this moment, where is your true nature? 2. If you realize your true nature, you are free from life and death. Tell me, when your eyesight deserts you at the last moment, how can you be free from life and death? 3. When you set yourself free from life and death, you should know your ultimate destination. So when the four elements separate, where will you go? From Mumon's VerseSee through this moment's thought, [and] see through the man who sees through this moment.48 Kempo's One RoadA monk asked Kempo Osho, "It is written, 'Bhagavats in the ten directions. One straight road to Nirvana.' I still wonder where the road can be."Kempo lifted his staff, drew a line, and said, "Here it is." Later the monks asked the same question to Unmon, who held up his fan and said, "This fan jumps up to the thirty-third heaven and hits the nose of the deity Sakra Devanam Indra. When you strike the carp of the eastern sea, the rain comes down in torrents." From Mumon's CommentTwo riders start from opposite ends of the course and meet in the middle; neither of these two knows [all] the road.From Mumon's VerseThere is still a transcendent secret.Mumon's Postscript a Little AbbreviatedNothing superfluous has been added.Your direct realization is demanded. If you are a man of realization, you will at once grasp the point at the slightest mention of it. There are no stairs for you to ascend. If you have passed the Gateless Gate, you can make a fool of Mumon. If not, you are betraying yourself. It is difficult to attain the wisdom of differentiation. When you have realized this wisdom, peace and order will reign over your land. Literature USER'S GUIDE to abbreviations, the site's bibliography, letter codes, dictionaries, site design and navigation, tips for searching the site and page referrals. [LINK] DISCLAIMER: [LINK] © 20032008, Tormod Kinnes. All rights reserved. [E-MAIL] | |||||||||||||||||||||