GOLD SCALES ENTRY  

Abbreviations

HANDLING
 
SITE MAP
USER'S GUIDE


 
GATHERED RESERVATIONS PREVIOUS NEXT


Some special markers are explained briefly on another page: [LINK]


List of Abbreviations

abbrev. = abbreviation, abbreviated (shortened)
abr = abridged (shortened), abridgment
AD = anno Domini = "in the year of the Lord", i.e., 'after year 0".
aka = also known as
app = appendix
attr. = attributed (to)
BCE (or BC) = 'before the common era'
bd. = band/bind = Volume(s) in Norwegian
c. (ca.) = circa (Latin), about
cf = compare, 'see' [See our alternatives: With, Mod, Ah, At, and Cr.]
chap, chaps = chapter, chapters
cm = centimetre(s)
coll. (variant: col.) - colls (cols). = collector, collectors, collected
comp = compiler, compiled
comps = compilers, compilations
cont = continued
Dr.avh. = Doktorgradsavhandling = Doctoral thesis
d.y. = 'den yngre', the younger
ed = editor, edition, edited
eds = editors, editions
e.g. (eg) (exemplia gratia) = for example
enl = enlarged (upon)
et al (et alii) = 'and others' (can be used for four (some say three) authors and over that)
etc (etcetera) = 'and so on', 'and so forth'
extr = 'extracted, extraction', for the sake of filet. The abbreviation is not common, but useful.
fig = figure, figurative
GA = Gesamtausgabe (Collected Works)
gen = general
GW = Gesammelte Werke (Collected Works)
hovedred. = hovedredaktør (ie. main editor)
Hum = Humorous
i.e. (ie) (id est) = 'that is, that means' (from Latin)
ib or ibid (from Latin: ibidem) = 'in the same place'
IH = innhald (= TOC, Contents). Det viser ei side som greinar ut.
jf = 'compare', from jamfør 'in Norwegian
loc cit (loco citato) = 'in the place (or work) cited'
ltr = letter
m.fl. (mfl.) = the same as et al 'med fleire'
mod = modification, modified. Modifications may take on many forms, such as rephrasing, amplification, amendment, and the like. Such a marker shows some "debt" to another statement as may be hinted at or referred to.
nd = 'no date' (found or given)
no = 'number', from Latin numero
n.p. = 'no place' (found or given)
nr. = abbreviated from the Norwegian nummer, number
och = 'and' in Swedish
og = 'and' in Norwegian
op (opus) = work (from Latin)
op cit (opere citato) = 'in the work cited' (from Latin)
pa. = paramahansa, a swami monk's title
passim = (Not an abbreviation. It means:) 'throughout', 'here and there', 'scattered'. To be used for references scattered between cited pages.
pb ed = 'paperback edition'
PS (post scriptum) = 'written afterwards, postscript'
pseud = pseudonymous or 'pseudonym ('false name'), pen name, fictitious name
quot = quotation
qv = (from Latin: quod vide), 'which see'. Qv (sometimes q.v.) translates into "which may be referred to", and denotes a cross-reference in that it directs a reader to some other part of a book etc. for further information.
red. = redaktør (editor in Norwegian).
redr. = redaktørar/redaktører = 'editors' in Norwegian
ref = 'reference'
rev = revised, revision, reviewed. (In Norwegian: revidert)
Skr = Sanskrit (ancient Indo-Aryan language)
supra = 'earlier in this writing' i.e. 'above'
sv and s.v. = 'under the word', from Latin sub verbo or sub voce.
sw. = swami
TK = Tormod Kinnes
TOC = Table of Contents
tr = translation, translator
trs = translations, translators
und = and (in German)
UP = University Press
utg. = utgåve/utgave = 'edition'(Norwegian)
utdr. = utdrag (Norwegian). that is, "selection(s)".
v = 'volume', 'verse', 'versus', 'vide'.
viz = (Latin: videlicet), namely, that is to say
vol, vols = 'volume, volumes'
vs = 'volumes', 'verses'. Also: 'versus' (often punctuated, ie vs.)
With = "along with" - it suggests a statement that is contained in a statement that is referred to
 : = 'in'
* = Added, addition (at times), or 'author's note' (at other times), etc.

REMINDER: 'Hum', 'Mod', and 'With' are extensively covered on another page: [LINK]

The United States

State1st Form2nd FormPopulation
AlabamaAla.AL4,447,100
AlaskaAlaskaAK626,932
ArizonaAriz.AZ5,130,632
ArkansasArk.AR2,673,400
CaliforniaCalif.CA33,871,648
ColoradoColo.CO4,301,261
ConnecticutConn.CT3,405,565
DelawareDel.DE783,600
FloridaFla.FL15,982,378
GeorgiaGa.GA8,186,453
HawaiiHawaiiHI1,211,537
IdahoIdahoID1,293,953
IllinoisIll.IN12,419,293
IndianaInd.IN6,080,485
IowaIowaIA2,926,324
KansasKans.KS2,688,418
KentuckyKy.KY4,041,769
LouisianaLa.LA4,468,976
MaineMaineMA1,274,923
MarylandMd.MD5,296,486
MassachusettsMass.MA6,349,097
MichiganMich.MI9,938,444
MinnesotaMinn.MN4,919,479
MississippiMiss.MS2,844,658
MissouriMo.MO5,595,211
MontanaMont.MT902,195
NebraskaNebr.NE1,711,263
NevadaNev.NV1,998,257
New HampshireN.H.NH1,235,786
New JerseyN.J.NJ8,414,350
New MexicoN.Mex.NM1,819,046
New YorkN.Y.NY18,976,457
North CarolinaN.C.NC8,049,313
North DakotaN.Dak.ND642,200
OhioOhioOH11,353,140
OklahomaOkla.OK3,450,654
OregonOre(g).OR3,421,399
PennsylvaniaPa.PA12,281,054
Rhode IslandR.I.RI1,048,319
South CarolinaS.C.SC4,012,012
South DakotaS.Dak.SD754,844
TennesseeTenn.TN5,689,283
TexasTex.TX20,851,820
UtahUtahUT2,233,169
VermontVt.VT608,827
Virginia -Va.VA7,078,515
WashingtonWash.WA5,894,121
West VirginiaW.Va.WV1,808,344
Wisconsin -Wis(c).WI5,363,675
WyomingWyo.WY493,782


The names of states, territories, and possessions of the United States should be given in full when standing alone. The ordinary practice is to spell them out, but not in lists, bibliographies, mailing addresses, etc. In such cases the first abbreviation form is preferred in lists and bibliographies, and the two-lettered form is for use with the zip code addresses in mailing, and is often useful otherwise too.
      The "little extra" is the population from an estimate in 2000. Its source is the Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, The data were had in May 2001.[http://www.ipl.org/youth/stateknow/popchart.html]
      SOURCE: The



Books of the Bible

Old TestamentOT
GenesisGen
ExodusExod
LeviticusLev
NumbersNum
DeuteronomyDeut
JoshuaJosh
JudgesJudg
RuthRuth
1 Samuel1 Sam
2 Samuel2 Sam
1 Kings1 Kgs
2 Kings2 Kgs
1 Chronicles1 Chr
2 Chronicles2 Chr
EzraEzra
NehemiahNeh
EstherEsth
JobJob
PsalmsPs (pl. Pss.)
ProverbsProv
EcclesiastesEccl
Song of SongsSong
IsaiahIsa
JeremiahJer
LamentationsLam
EzekielEzek
DanielDan
HoseaHos
JoelJoel
AmosAmos
ObadiahObad
JonahJonah
MicahMic
NahumNah
HabakkukHab
ZephaniahZeph
HaggaiHag
ZecheriahZech
MalachiMal
 
New TestamentNT
MatthewMatt
MarkMark
LukeLuke
JohnJohn
ActsActs
RomansRom
1 Corinthians1 Cor
2 Corinthians2 Cor
GalatiansGal
EphesiansEph
PhilippiansPhil
ColossiansCol
1 Thessalonians1 Thess
2 Thessalonians2 Thess
1 Timothy1 Tim
2 Timothy2 Tim
TitusTitus
PhilemonPhilem
HebrewsHeb
JamesJas
1 Peter1 Pet
2 Peter2 Pet
1 John1 John
2 John2 John
3 John3 John
JudeJude
RevelationRev


Here and there we may come across still briefer abbreviations, like Mt, Jn, Lk, and Mk for Matthew, John, Luke, and Mark, because the Bible abbreviations are not standardised. The ones above are much common, though.

To top


Referencing by Acronyms and the Like

Book title acronyms and similar code letters save some time. Below we do not argue for it; we just explain in and put it into perspective.


Referencing work can be made easy by acronyms etc.

skyer "AN ACRONYM is a word that is formed from the initial letter or letters of each of the successive parts - or major parts - of a compound term." That is a definition. The acronym is a special sort of abbreviation that consists of code letters.
      Books of the Bible tend to be referred to in much the same way, as you can see above. Also, where the bulk of works referred to are of some corpus and tradition, one may see that acronymised titles appear. For example, "BriUp" means "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad", an ancient Sanskrit work of philosophy or teachings. There are many dozens of upanishads, and some have long names too, such as the Brihadaranyakaopahisad and the Nrisimhapurvatapaniya Upanisad. [So xxxiv]
      If you are working with a limited amount of books and articles, the unintruding code letter system - a few letters each time we refer to such as the "Nrisimhapurvatapaniya Upanisad" - can ease referencing considerably. Otherwise, if others insist on something other than the best referencing system, listen and follow suit. It is not wrong to refer in less concise ways either. There is no good reason to get stubborn about it either. Where customs differ, we may adapt locally. Journals tend to have their own standards of reference too.
      There are, in fact, many different systems of referring in different traditions, and it has taken much time and effort to develop any of them. Some of them can be viewed on the Internet. For example, the Harvard system of references can work all right enough. The Harvard system uses the last name or surnames of the author or authors, adding the year of publication for each entry in the text, and perhaps the pages referred to. There is more to the complete reference system than that. The Harvard system of referencing is the most common one internationally these days.
      A colon right in front of the code letter(s) of some work means "as found in that work" or "in" (a work). [Cf. :Xm] refers to some contribution in the work given the code letters "Xm" by us. The five-volumed work, The Cultural Heritage of India, has Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, India's former president, as its main editor. The Harvard system uses "in" just as we at times may use ":". We simplify many procedures to the end of better readibility, ease and convencience of handling references, all in all.
      "Code letters" are generally simpler and saves space and effort compared with the "names and years" of such as the Harvard System, but either system can be translated (converted, decoded) into the other with some handling skills.


Attuned to the Harvard System of Referencing

In a list of references (bibliography, works cited, - with code letters kept out of it), this is how to arrange entries in the way the much-used Chicago Manual of Style would have it.
The author's last name is put before the first name, separated by a comma. The title is given next, in italics. The place of publication comes after the title or after the edition information. Publishers are placed right after the place of publication, after a colon, and after the publishers comes the year or date of publication after a comma.
      Journal articles and book chapters referred to are put in quotation marks.
Study the examples.
      In some cases the use of annotated references is fine. In such cases you give information about who is the writer, his position and rank, and other interesting details that can serve readers or a cause well..


Common Abbreviations

Common abbreviations help us to gauge well. If there are many of them, there is a risk of getting cryptical, which may not be so good. So compute a little to use abbreviations with skill and fluency - adhering to the rules as found in manuals of style. There are books of abbreviations, and many abbreviations may pop up in dictionaries too.
      From the "rules of the game": You normally do well to avoid abbreviations in section heads; in sentences or paragraphs with (too) many abbreviations already; in texts aiming at common audiences, and so on.


WAVE

Literature 
      Cms: The University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style. 14th ed. London: The University of Chicago Press, 1993. Also compare The Chicago Manual of Style guidelines in its 15th edition, 2003.
      Ebu: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD. London: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007.
      So: Deussen, Paul, tr. Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Vols 1-2. Varanasi: Banarsidass, 1980.
      Wrh: Rampolla, Mary Lynn. A Pocket Guide to Writing History. 4th ed. Boston: Bedford/St Martin's, 2004.
      Xm: Radhakrishnan, S., ed. The Cultural Heritage of India, Vols 1-5. Rev. ed. Calcutta: Ramakrishna Institute. Vol 1: 2nd ed. 1958. Vol 2: 2nd ed. 1962. Vol 3: 2nd ed. 1953. Vol 4: 2nd ed. 1956.

TO TOP HANDLING THE SITE USER'S GUIDE NEXT


   USER'S GUIDE to abbreviations, the site's large bibliography, letter codes, dictionaries, site design and navigation, tips for searching the site and page referrals. [LINK]
   DISCLAIMER: To help us out: [LINK]
   © 1999–2007, T. Kinnes. All rights reserved. [E-MAIL]