Abbreviations
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Some special markers are explained briefly on another page: [LINK]
List of Abbreviations
| abbrev. = abbreviation, abbreviated (shortened) |
| abr = abridged (shortened), abridgment |
| AD = anno Domini = "in the year of the Lord", i.e., 'after year 0". |
| aka = also known as |
| app = appendix |
| attr. = attributed (to) |
| BCE (or BC) = 'before the common era' |
| bd. = band/bind = Volume(s) in Norwegian |
| c. (ca.) = circa (Latin), about |
| cf = compare, 'see' [See our alternatives: With, Mod, Ah, At, and Cr.] |
| chap, chaps = chapter, chapters |
| cm = centimetre(s) |
| coll. (variant: col.) - colls (cols). = collector, collectors, collected |
| comp = compiler, compiled |
| comps = compilers, compilations |
| cont = continued |
| Dr.avh. = Doktorgradsavhandling = Doctoral thesis |
| d.y. = 'den yngre', the younger |
| ed = editor, edition, edited |
| eds = editors, editions |
| e.g. (eg) (exemplia gratia) = for example |
| enl = enlarged (upon) |
| et al (et alii) = 'and others' (can be used for four (some say three) authors and over that) |
| etc (etcetera) = 'and so on', 'and so forth' |
| extr = 'extracted, extraction', for the sake of filet. The abbreviation is not common, but useful. |
| fig = figure, figurative |
| GA = Gesamtausgabe (Collected Works) |
| gen = general |
| GW = Gesammelte Werke (Collected Works) |
| hovedred. = hovedredaktør (ie. main editor) |
| Hum = Humorous |
| i.e. (ie) (id est) = 'that is, that means' (from Latin) |
| ib or ibid (from Latin: ibidem) = 'in the same place' |
| IH = innhald (= TOC, Contents). Det viser ei side som greinar ut. |
| jf = 'compare', from jamfør 'in Norwegian |
| loc cit (loco citato) = 'in the place (or work) cited' |
| ltr = letter |
| m.fl. (mfl.) = the same as et al 'med fleire' |
| mod = modification, modified. Modifications may take on many forms, such as rephrasing, amplification, amendment, and the like. Such a marker shows some "debt" to another statement as may be hinted at or referred to. |
| nd = 'no date' (found or given) |
| no = 'number', from Latin numero |
| n.p. = 'no place' (found or given) |
| nr. = abbreviated from the Norwegian nummer, number |
| och = 'and' in Swedish |
| og = 'and' in Norwegian |
| op (opus) = work (from Latin) |
| op cit (opere citato) = 'in the work cited' (from Latin) |
| pa. = paramahansa, a swami monk's title |
| passim = (Not an abbreviation. It means:) 'throughout', 'here and there', 'scattered'. To be used for references scattered between cited pages. |
| pb ed = 'paperback edition' |
| PS (post scriptum) = 'written afterwards, postscript' |
| pseud = pseudonymous or 'pseudonym ('false name'), pen name, fictitious name |
| quot = quotation |
| qv = (from Latin: quod vide), 'which see'. Qv (sometimes q.v.) translates into "which may be referred to", and denotes a cross-reference in that it directs a reader to some other part of a book etc. for further information. |
| red. = redaktør (editor in Norwegian). |
| redr. = redaktørar/redaktører = 'editors' in Norwegian |
| ref = 'reference' |
| rev = revised, revision, reviewed. (In Norwegian: revidert) |
| Skr = Sanskrit (ancient Indo-Aryan language) |
| supra = 'earlier in this writing' i.e. 'above' |
| sv and s.v. = 'under the word', from Latin sub verbo or sub voce. |
| sw. = swami |
| TK = Tormod Kinnes |
| TOC = Table of Contents |
| tr = translation, translator |
| trs = translations, translators |
| und = and (in German) |
| UP = University Press |
| utg. = utgåve/utgave = 'edition'(Norwegian) |
| utdr. = utdrag (Norwegian). that is, "selection(s)". |
| v = 'volume', 'verse', 'versus', 'vide'. |
| viz = (Latin: videlicet), namely, that is to say |
| vol, vols = 'volume, volumes' |
| vs = 'volumes', 'verses'. Also: 'versus' (often punctuated, ie vs.) |
| With = "along with" - it suggests a statement that is contained in a statement that is referred to |
| : = 'in' |
| * = Added, addition (at times), or 'author's note' (at other times), etc. |
REMINDER: 'Hum', 'Mod', and 'With' are extensively covered on another page: [LINK]
The United States
| State | 1st Form | 2nd Form | Population |
| Alabama | Ala. | AL | 4,447,100 |
| Alaska | Alaska | AK | 626,932 |
| Arizona | Ariz. | AZ | 5,130,632 |
| Arkansas | Ark. | AR | 2,673,400 |
| California | Calif. | CA | 33,871,648 |
| Colorado | Colo. | CO | 4,301,261 |
| Connecticut | Conn. | CT | 3,405,565 |
| Delaware | Del. | DE | 783,600 |
| Florida | Fla. | FL | 15,982,378 |
| Georgia | Ga. | GA | 8,186,453 |
| Hawaii | Hawaii | HI | 1,211,537 |
| Idaho | Idaho | ID | 1,293,953 |
| Illinois | Ill. | IN | 12,419,293 |
| Indiana | Ind. | IN | 6,080,485 |
| Iowa | Iowa | IA | 2,926,324 |
| Kansas | Kans. | KS | 2,688,418 |
| Kentucky | Ky. | KY | 4,041,769 |
| Louisiana | La. | LA | 4,468,976 |
| Maine | Maine | MA | 1,274,923 |
| Maryland | Md. | MD | 5,296,486 |
| Massachusetts | Mass. | MA | 6,349,097 |
| Michigan | Mich. | MI | 9,938,444 |
| Minnesota | Minn. | MN | 4,919,479 |
| Mississippi | Miss. | MS | 2,844,658 |
| Missouri | Mo. | MO | 5,595,211 |
| Montana | Mont. | MT | 902,195 |
| Nebraska | Nebr. | NE | 1,711,263 |
| Nevada | Nev. | NV | 1,998,257 |
| New Hampshire | N.H. | NH | 1,235,786 |
| New Jersey | N.J. | NJ | 8,414,350 |
| New Mexico | N.Mex. | NM | 1,819,046 |
| New York | N.Y. | NY | 18,976,457 |
| North Carolina | N.C. | NC | 8,049,313 |
| North Dakota | N.Dak. | ND | 642,200 |
| Ohio | Ohio | OH | 11,353,140 |
| Oklahoma | Okla. | OK | 3,450,654 |
| Oregon | Ore(g). | OR | 3,421,399 |
| Pennsylvania | Pa. | PA | 12,281,054 |
| Rhode Island | R.I. | RI | 1,048,319 |
| South Carolina | S.C. | SC | 4,012,012 |
| South Dakota | S.Dak. | SD | 754,844 |
| Tennessee | Tenn. | TN | 5,689,283 |
| Texas | Tex. | TX | 20,851,820 |
| Utah | Utah | UT | 2,233,169 |
| Vermont | Vt. | VT | 608,827 |
| Virginia - | Va. | VA | 7,078,515 |
| Washington | Wash. | WA | 5,894,121 |
| West Virginia | W.Va. | WV | 1,808,344 |
| Wisconsin - | Wis(c). | WI | 5,363,675 |
| Wyoming | Wyo. | WY | 493,782 |
The names of states, territories, and possessions of the United States should be given in full when standing alone. The ordinary practice is to spell them out, but not in lists, bibliographies, mailing addresses, etc. In such cases the first abbreviation form is preferred in lists and bibliographies, and the two-lettered form is for use with the zip code addresses in mailing, and is often useful otherwise too.
The "little extra" is the population from an estimate in 2000. Its source is the Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, The data were had in May 2001.[http://www.ipl.org/youth/stateknow/popchart.html]
SOURCE: The
Books of the Bible
| Old Testament | OT |
| Genesis | Gen |
| Exodus | Exod |
| Leviticus | Lev |
| Numbers | Num |
| Deuteronomy | Deut |
| Joshua | Josh |
| Judges | Judg |
| Ruth | Ruth |
| 1 Samuel | 1 Sam |
| 2 Samuel | 2 Sam |
| 1 Kings | 1 Kgs |
| 2 Kings | 2 Kgs |
| 1 Chronicles | 1 Chr |
| 2 Chronicles | 2 Chr |
| Ezra | Ezra |
| Nehemiah | Neh |
| Esther | Esth |
| Job | Job |
| Psalms | Ps (pl. Pss.) |
| Proverbs | Prov |
| Ecclesiastes | Eccl |
| Song of Songs | Song |
| Isaiah | Isa |
| Jeremiah | Jer |
| Lamentations | Lam |
| Ezekiel | Ezek |
| Daniel | Dan |
| Hosea | Hos |
| Joel | Joel |
| Amos | Amos |
| Obadiah | Obad |
| Jonah | Jonah |
| Micah | Mic |
| Nahum | Nah |
| Habakkuk | Hab |
| Zephaniah | Zeph |
| Haggai | Hag |
| Zecheriah | Zech |
| Malachi | Mal |
| New Testament | NT |
| Matthew | Matt |
| Mark | Mark |
| Luke | Luke |
| John | John |
| Acts | Acts |
| Romans | Rom |
| 1 Corinthians | 1 Cor |
| 2 Corinthians | 2 Cor |
| Galatians | Gal |
| Ephesians | Eph |
| Philippians | Phil |
| Colossians | Col |
| 1 Thessalonians | 1 Thess |
| 2 Thessalonians | 2 Thess |
| 1 Timothy | 1 Tim |
| 2 Timothy | 2 Tim |
| Titus | Titus |
| Philemon | Philem |
| Hebrews | Heb |
| James | Jas |
| 1 Peter | 1 Pet |
| 2 Peter | 2 Pet |
| 1 John | 1 John |
| 2 John | 2 John |
| 3 John | 3 John |
| Jude | Jude |
| Revelation | Rev |
Here and there we may come across still briefer abbreviations, like Mt, Jn, Lk, and Mk for Matthew, John, Luke, and Mark, because the Bible abbreviations are not standardised. The ones above are much common, though.
Referencing by Acronyms and the Like
Book title acronyms and similar code letters save some time. Below we do not argue for it; we just explain in and put it into perspective.Referencing work can be made easy by acronyms etc.
"AN ACRONYM is a word that is formed from the initial letter or letters of each of the
successive parts - or major parts - of a compound term." That is a definition. The acronym is a special sort of abbreviation that consists of code letters.Books of the Bible tend to be referred to in much the same way, as you can see above. Also, where the bulk of works referred to are of some corpus and tradition, one may see that acronymised titles appear. For example, "BriUp" means "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad", an ancient Sanskrit work of philosophy or teachings. There are many dozens of upanishads, and some have long names too, such as the Brihadaranyakaopahisad and the Nrisimhapurvatapaniya Upanisad. [So xxxiv]
If you are working with a limited amount of books and articles, the unintruding code letter system - a few letters each time we refer to such as the "Nrisimhapurvatapaniya Upanisad" - can ease referencing considerably. Otherwise, if others insist on something other than the best referencing system, listen and follow suit. It is not wrong to refer in less concise ways either. There is no good reason to get stubborn about it either. Where customs differ, we may adapt locally. Journals tend to have their own standards of reference too.
There are, in fact, many different systems of referring in different traditions, and it has taken much time and effort to develop any of them. Some of them can be viewed on the Internet. For example, the Harvard system of references can work all right enough. The Harvard system uses the last name or surnames of the author or authors, adding the year of publication for each entry in the text, and perhaps the pages referred to. There is more to the complete reference system than that. The Harvard system of referencing is the most common one internationally these days.
A colon right in front of the code letter(s) of some work means "as found in that work" or "in" (a work). [Cf. :Xm] refers to some contribution in the work given the code letters "Xm" by us. The five-volumed work, The Cultural Heritage of India, has Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, India's former president, as its main editor. The Harvard system uses "in" just as we at times may use ":". We simplify many procedures to the end of better readibility, ease and convencience of handling references, all in all.
"Code letters" are generally simpler and saves space and effort compared with the "names and years" of such as the Harvard System, but either system can be translated (converted, decoded) into the other with some handling skills.
Attuned to the Harvard System of Referencing
In a list of references (bibliography, works cited, - with code letters kept out of it), this is how to arrange entries in the way the much-used Chicago Manual of Style would have it.The author's last name is put before the first name, separated by a comma. The title is given next, in italics. The place of publication comes after the title or after the edition information. Publishers are placed right after the place of publication, after a colon, and after the publishers comes the year or date of publication after a comma.Study the examples.
Journal articles and book chapters referred to are put in quotation marks.
In some cases the use of annotated references is fine. In such cases you give information about who is the writer, his position and rank, and other interesting details that can serve readers or a cause well..
Common Abbreviations
Common abbreviations help us to gauge well. If there are many of them, there is a risk of getting cryptical, which may not be so good. So compute a little to use abbreviations with skill and fluency - adhering to the rules as found in manuals of style. There are books of abbreviations, and many abbreviations may pop up in dictionaries too.From the "rules of the game": You normally do well to avoid abbreviations in section heads; in sentences or paragraphs with (too) many abbreviations already; in texts aiming at common audiences, and so on.
Literature
Cms: The University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style. 14th ed. London: The University of Chicago Press, 1993. Also compare The Chicago Manual of Style guidelines in its 15th edition, 2003.
Ebu: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD. London: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007.
So: Deussen, Paul, tr. Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Vols 1-2. Varanasi: Banarsidass, 1980.
Wrh: Rampolla, Mary Lynn. A Pocket Guide to Writing History. 4th ed. Boston: Bedford/St Martin's, 2004.
Xm: Radhakrishnan, S., ed. The Cultural Heritage of India, Vols 1-5. Rev. ed. Calcutta: Ramakrishna Institute. Vol 1: 2nd ed. 1958. Vol 2: 2nd ed. 1962. Vol 3: 2nd ed. 1953. Vol 4: 2nd ed. 1956.
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