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Rendition markers are explained on another page: [Link] AbbreviationsFour kinds of abbreviations
List of Abbreviations
European Countries and Their (ISO alpha-2) Two-Letter CodesThe countries have their assigned two-letter country code in capital letters. That code is often used as an abbreviations, for example in addresses. Countries that are not members of the European Union (EU) in 2017 are in italics. (Source: Eurostats)
Country Codes for a Few MoreAustralia, AU Canada, CA Egypt, EG Hong Kong, HK India, IN Japan, JP New Zealand, NZ United States, US Source: Eurostat Buddhist WorksThese abbreviations are in use for the Pali text canon:
[More] The United States
The names of states, territories, and possessions of the United States should be given in full when standing alone. The ordinary practice is to spell them out, but not in lists, bibliographies, mailing addresses, etc. In such cases the first abbreviation form is preferred in lists and bibliographies, and the two-lettered form is for use with the zip code addresses in mailing, and is often useful otherwise too. The "little extra" is the population from an estimate in 2000. Its source is the Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, The data were had in May 2001.[http://www.ipl.org/youth/stateknow/popchart.html] Books in the Christian Bible
Here and there we may come across still briefer abbreviations, like Mt, Jn, Lk, and Mk for Matthew, John, Luke, and Mark, because the Bible abbreviations are not standardised. The ones above are much common, though.
Referencing by Acronyms and the LikeBook title acronyms and similar code letters save some time.Referencing work can be made easy by acronyms etc."An acronym is a word that is formed from the initial letter or letters of each of the successive parts - or major parts - of a compound term." That is a definition. The acronym is a special sort of abbreviation that consists of code letters. Books of the Bible tend to be referred to in much the same way, as shown above. Also, where the bulk of works referred to are of some corpus and tradition, one may see that acronymised titles appear. For example, "BriUp" means "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad", an ancient Sanskrit work of philosophy teachings. There are many dozens of upanishads, and some have long names too, such as the Brihadaranyakaopahisad and the Nrisimhapurvatapaniya Upanisad. (Deussen 1980:xxxiv) If you are working with a limited amount of books and articles, the unintruding code letter system - a few letters each time we refer to such as the "Nrisimhapurvatapaniya Upanisad" - can ease referencing a lot. Otherwise, in cases when others insist that you conform to some other referencing system, listen well and follow suit. It is not wrong to refer in less concise ways either on the way to getting an education, and not rewarding to get stubborn. Where customs differ, we should adapt locally. Journals tend to have their own standards of reference too. After calls for consistency in several disciplines, many different systems of referring appear in different traditions. It has taken much skill, time and effort to develop any of them. We may benefit from their best efforts: even though we may not like a thousand of a manual's rules, but only 996, for example. There are many sides to style. Some pertain to formal matters like grammar and layout, and others are more fluid, and show what to prefer among alternatives in ways of wording too, Some style guides are available on the Internet, while others are pinted out it many sorts of books. The much used Harvard system of references uses the last name or surnames of the author or authors, adding the year of publication for each entry in the text, and perhaps the pages referred to. Yet there is far more to the complete reference system than this. "Code letters", where they fit, have the advantage of being simple space-and-time savers compared to the "names and years" of such as the Harvard System, but either system can be quite easily converted into the other. Attuned to the Harvard System of ReferencingIn a list of references (bibliography, works cited, - with code letters kept out of it), this is how to arrange entries in the way the much-used Chicago Manual of Style would have it.The author's last name is put before the first name, separated by a comma. The book title is given next, in italics. The place of publication comes after the title or after the edition information. Publishers are placed right after the place of publication, after a colon, and after the publishers comes the year or date of publication after a comma. Study the examples. In some cases the use of annotated references is fine. In such cases you give information about e.g. who is the writer, his position and rank, and other interesting details that can serve readers or a cause well. Common AbbreviationsCommon abbreviations help us to gauge well. If there are many of them, there is a risk of getting cryptical, which may not be so good. So compute a little to use abbreviations with skill and fluency - adhering to the rules as found in manuals of style. There are books on abbreviations, and lists of abbreviations used in dictionaries, etc. We usually do well to avoid abbreviations in section heads; in sentences or paragraphs with (too) many abbreviations already; in texts aiming at common audiences, and further. Above these hints, adjust to the rules of your own style guide. There are many style guides around - APA Style, The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), MLA Handbook, The Oxford Guide to Style/New Hart's Rules -, to name some of them. The Oxford Style guide and Chicago Manual of Style are mainly for academic publishing and readership. (see Wikipedia, "Style guide" for more.) |
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Cutts, Martin. Oxford Guide to Plain English. 4. utg. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. ⍽▢⍽ [Twenty-four main guidelines]. Deussen, Paul, tr. Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Vols 1-2. Varanasi: Banarsidass, 1980. EB: Encyclopedia Britannica = Britannica Online. European Commission Directorate-General for Translation. English Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors and Translators in the European Commission. Brussels and Luxembourg: European Union, 2016. ⍽▢⍽ The Directorate-General for Translation of the European Commission is the largest (bureaucratic) translation service in the world (2017) and publishes its own English Style Guide, intended primarily for English-language authors and translators, but aiming to serve a wider readership too. Its English Style Guide is online in PDF format. After Brexit, mind the Irish use English . . . Radhakrishnan, S., ed. The Cultural Heritage of India, Vols 1-5. Rev. ed. Calcutta: Ramakrishna Institute. Vol 1: 2nd ed. 1958. Vol 2: 2nd ed. 1962. Vol 3: 2nd ed. 1953. Vol 4: 2nd ed. 1956. Rampolla, Mary Lynn. A Pocket Guide to Writing History. 4th ed. Boston: Bedford/St Martin's, 2004. Ritter, R. M. The Oxford Guide to Style. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. ⍽▢⍽ One of the book chapters deals with abbreviations and symbols. The University of Oxford website also provides a very useful on-line style document: "University of Oxford Style Guide" (2016, so far).
The University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style. 16th ed. London: The University of Chicago Press, 2010. ⍽▢⍽ Extensively used.
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