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InnleiingNorskBakgrunnsstoff. Britisk vil seie "frå Storbritannia". Storbritannia omfattar England, Skottland og Wales, men i vidare meining også Nord-Irland og mange øyer utanfor kystane, så som Orknøyene, Shetland og Man. Dei var norske i mange hundreår før. Mellom britar finst det andre språk enn engelsk, og walisiske, skotske og irske ordtaksbøker. Somme av dei er fleirspråklege. Britane innførte dessutan mange ordtak frå kontinentet frå mellomalderen av og gav dei engelsk språkdrakt etter kvart, slik Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs (2008) gjer kort greie for innleiingsvis. Kulturgode. Engelske ordspråk er kortfatta og nokså enkelt forma for det aller meste. Dessutan syner mange ordspråk at ein ikkje skal vere godtruande og dum - dei kan hjelpe urøynde unge ein heil del. Somme av dei syner korleis ein kan oppføre seg så det er gagn i det. I andre ordtak ligg kanskje lærdommar og visdomskjerner løynt. Det hender at innsikter blir dekte til med vilje. Britiske ordtak er ei blanding av litt av kvart. Somme har latinsk opphav, andre fransk, germansk, og også nordisk. Mellom britane var ordtaksbruken på topp på 1500- og 1600-talet. Britane har fått inn ordtak frå mange kulturar. Somme gir innfallsvegar til korleis folk tenkte i gamle dagar og korleis talrike folkeslag liker å ordlegge seg. Mange av dei uttrykker tankar og tru som var vanleg før og er det enno, iallfall eit stykke på veg. Folklore-studia frå 1900-talet og inn i vår tid har brakt fornya interesse for ordtak som gjenspegling av folkekulturar. Jerome Bruner (1915 -) har nådd fram til stort sett same innsikta - og peiker på korleis folkevisdom blir brukt til å sosialisere unge og mange andre. [Bruner 1996] Rundt bruken. Gode ordspråk bør høve godt i dei fleste tilfella, men neppe alle. Treffsikkerheita kan det vere så som så med, av di dei ofte er nokså runde. Det er målet med somme av dei. Nokre av dei gler oss i tillegg. Korleis vi koplar eit ordtak saman med eigne livserfaringar avgjer mykje av forståinga vår av det ordtaket. Somme ordtak kan kanskje befrukte erfaringar, hjelpe oss å finne perspektiv og meir til. Men svært mykje heng saman med kva vi etter kvart legg i orda. Det syner assosiasjonsforskinga til brørne Buzan (2010). Somme ordspråk er observasjonar: dei konstaterer korleis ting er, og snakkar ofte i overført meining. Når "agnet gøymer kroken", kan det vere menneskeforhold ein siktar til. Propaganda og demagogi kan ha ein krok midt i agnet. Det er ikkje alt som ser bra og tiltrekkande ut som det er verdt å bite på. Ingen ordspråk seier "alt om alt", men kan hende får dei fram eitkvart gagnleg å vite om eitt og anna.
English Introduction |
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| Parts of Great Britain were settled by Norwegians during the Viking Age: the north-western Scottish mainland, the Orkneys and Shetland isles, and Man. Man was a Norwegian kingdom for 500 years, for example. The collection contains British proverbs in English, with Nynorsk Norwegian translations or renditions on top of them. There are also proverb books in Welsh, Scottish and Irish on the site. [Oversikt] British proverbs are terse and fairly easy-going. Many proverbs tell we should not be gullible, and some of them tell of how to conduct ourselves gainfully. It also happens that insights are camouflaged on purpose. British proverbs are quite a mixture. Some have Latin origins, other French, German, and also Nordic. The British have imported sayings from many cultures. Some of the proverbs show how people thought, believed, and expressed themselves in the old days and how numerous people like to speak today too. Folklore-studies from 1900s and into the 2000s have brought renewed interest in proverbs as a reflection of folk culture. The psychologist Jerome Bruner has concluded similarly (1996). He points out how folk wisdom is used to socialise young people and many others. Apt proverbs suit their occasions, but hardly all occasions or all conditions. They have their limits, which is probably presumed in a living tradition too. How telling they may be, depend on the creative use of them as to matching the circumstances too. Be that as it may, some proverbs gladden us. Apt use can "fertilize experiences", help us to find perspectives, and more. Some proverbs are observations - expository, discursive. They state things, often figuratively. Much rests on how creative we are in applying them, for example as figurative comments: When "the bait hides the hook", it may be human relations we talk about - too. No proverb says "everything about everything", but maybe a single proverb throws light on things to help and guard our attitudes, if not our immediate actions. Proverbs are excellent for spicing up the language. Examples"People who live in glass houses should not throw stones." - So don't criticize other people if you're not perfect yourself or have good reasons. "Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst." - Bad things might happen, so prepare for them in case that might help, and hopefully so that the worst will not happen, or its impact and effects be lessened. "Better late than never." - If you cannot do something on time, to do it later may not be so bad. "Birds of a feather flock together." - People tend to spend time with others who are like themselves in some way or other. "A picture is worth a thousand words." - Pictures convey much information by artful tricks - like perspective drawings and the like. "There's no place like home." - Your own home is perhaps the most comfortable place to be. "There's no time like the present." - The past is gone, the future has not come yet - so yes! Granted that, if you need to do something, maybe you should do it now, to profit too. "Don't judge a book by its cover." - People, things and happenings sometimes look different than they really are. One has to discern between surface and true content. "Don't put all your eggs in one basket." - Spread your assets well, have a backup plan, and do not stake all your belongings or all your precious time on one (silly) venture, for example. "Do to others as you would have them do to you." - It suggests: Don't be mean to others, but behave OK. "Honesty is the best policy." - Hopefully, in the long run if not before. At least it shows character. Some proverbs speak of one thing and means another thing, as in "Better one byrde in hande than ten in the wood" (John Heywood, 1546). The general transfer meaning is one agreed on. In this case it is "Better trust in what you hold than going for uncertain gains. It could refer to money. By the way, it depends on which bird is in your hand. If it is an eagle, you risk a lot. So a proverb and lessons derived from it, are rarely universally valid. If they are, they look like platitudes. One has to find a balance between outright platitudes and essential lessons. On the following pages are some 500 proverbs. |
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Tilvisingar til bøker med ordtak frå Skottland, Irland og Wales står i innleiingane til andre sider (bruk t.d. 'Section' ovanfor eller i botnen her på sida). Ordtak og kjeldene til dei blandar seg ofte. Somme engelske ordtak kjem frå Skottland, andre frå Frankrike (især i mellomalderen), og så vidare. Dei to samlingane til Fergusson og Speake gir oversyn over stoda i dag, men er langt frå utfyllande. References to proverb collections from Scotland, Ireland and Wales are on other pages. Proverbs and historical sources are often a mixed bag. Some of the proverbs taken up by the Enlish originate from neighbours. The two collections by Fergusson and Speake reflect the current situation well.
 Bohn, Henry George. A Hand-book of Proverbs: Comprising an Entire Republication of Ray's Collection of English Proverbs, with His Additions from Foreign Languages, and a Complete Alphabetical Index. London: George Bell and Sons, 1899. Bruner, Jerome Seymour. The Culture of Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996. Buzan, Tony, with Barry Buzan. The Mind Map Book: Unlock Your Creativity, Boost Your Memory, Change Your Life. Harlow: BBC Active/Pearson, 2010. Farmer, John S., ed. The Proverbs, Epigrams. and Miscellanies of John Heywood, comprising A dialogue of the effectual proverbs in the English tongue concerning marriages - First hundred epigrams - Three hundred epigrams on three hundred proverbs - The fifth hundred epigrams - A sixth hundred epigrams - Miscellanies - Ballads - Note-book and word-lists. London: Privately Printed for Subscribers by the Early English Drama Society, 1904. Fergusson, Rosalind, ed: The Penguin Dictionary of Proverbs. Penguin Books. London, 1983. ⍽▢⍽ Over 6000 ordtak, stundom med opplysningar om eit opphav. Godt oversiktleg, takk vere korleis ordtaka blir nummerte. Hazlitt, William Carew. English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases: Collected from the Most Authentic Sources, Alphabetically Arranged and Annotated. Rev. ed. London: Reeves and Turner, 1907. Preston, Thomas. A Dictionary of English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases With a Copious Index of Principal Words. London: Whittaker and Co., 1880. Ray, John. A Compleat Collection of English Proverbs. 4th ed. London: Printed for W. Otridge, S. Bladon [etc.], 1768. Sharman, Julian, ed. The Proverbs of John Heywood. London: George Bell and Sons, 1874. Skeat, Walter W. Early English Proverbs: Chiefly of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910. Speake, Jennifer, ed. A Dictionary of Proverbs. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. ⍽▢⍽ The fourth and fifth editions, of 2003 and 2008 respectively, are edited by Speake. John Andrew Simpson edited earlier editions, and later along with her (3rd ed, 1998). She mentions in her introduction that the proverb in Britain and North America is as popular as before, for example as a homely commentary and reminder, and may still be useful. New ones are being created while some of the older ones fall into disuse. (p. ix, x).
Spurgeon, Charles Haddon. The Salt-Cellars. Being a Collection of Proverbs, together with Homely Notes Thereon. Vols 1 and 2. London: Passmore and Alabaster, 1889.
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